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见习战士
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小 发表于 2011-1-11 21:01 只看该作者
语法专题
虚拟语气专题 一 语气的定义和分类
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人队某一行为或事情的看法和态度。包括
陈述语气，表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的：we are not ready.
祈使语气，表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令: Open the door please!
虚拟语气， 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测。如：
If I were u, I should study English.
I wish u could go with me.
May u succeeded.
二 虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
真实条件句，假设的情况是有可能发生的。
虚拟条件句，结社的情况是过去或现在都不存在、或将来也不大可能发生的。如:
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。构成如下：
动词形式
时间
| 从句 | 主句 | 与现在事实不符 | V-p (be的过去式一般用were) | would,
should, could, might + v | 与过去事实不符 | had+ v-pp | would,
should, could, might + v | 与将来事实不符 | V-p/should+ v;
were+ to | would,
should, could, might + v |
注：主句中的should只用于I，We，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。
用法举例：
1与现在事实相反的假设和结果
If I were you, I would(should, could, might) tell him the truth.
2 与过去事实相反的假设或结果
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.
3 与将来的事实可能相反的假设和结果
If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.
4 主、从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况。当条件从句和主句中表示的时间不一致的时候，要根据实际情况调整动词形式。
If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.
If you had practised speaking English more, you would be able to speak it fluently
5 虚拟条件句可转化的形式
（1）省略连词if（此时要用倒装结构，不能用助动词的缩略否定式）:
Were I you(If I were you), I would not do it.
Had he been more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided.
Were it not for the expense, I would go to Pairs. (不能说：Weren‘t it ~)
（2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句
Without air(If there were no air), there would be no living things.
But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it.
I haven’t have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.)
6 省去条件从句或主句。表虚拟语气的从句或主句有时候可以省略，含义可推。
（1）省去条件从句
You could have washed your clothes yourself.(If you had wanted to)
(2) 省去主句（常用以表示愿望）
If my grandmother were with me!
If only she had not left! （If only,表示：“要是……就好了！”）
If only the wind would stop! （ 风要是停了该多好！）
三 虚拟语气的其他用法
1在主语从句中的用法
句型，If is important (strange, natural, necessary, etc.) that…。从句中的谓语动词常用 should+v 结构。
It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.
It is decided (has been decided) that the meeting (should) be postponed till tomorrow.
It is very strange that she (should) have left without saying goodbye.
2 宾语从句中的用法
（1）动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与过去想反的事实，或将来的主观愿望，常省去引导词that。
a. 对现在情况的虚拟：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year round.
b. 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had+v-pp”。如：
He wishes (wished) he had not lost the chance.
(3) 表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为”would+v“
I wish it would stop raining.
I wish you would come soon.
(2) 在suggest, demand, order, propose, insist, command, request, desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+v，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：
I suggest that we (should) set off at once.
I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.
3 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1) 在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主从句都用虚拟语气。
Even if Lintao were here, I should say the same thing.
Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.
注：当从句有though/ although 引导时，主句常用陈述语气，从句可用也可不用虚拟语气。如：
This gave me some faint hopes of relief, although I were (was) not able to imagine how I could be brought out.
(2) 由as if/ as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或“had+v-pp”。如：
He treat me as if I were a stranger.
She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.
注：如果表示的事情可能发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
（3）在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could/ might(sometimes use should)+v。如：
Mr. Green spoke slowly so that his students could/ might here clearly.
They are climbing higher in order that they might/ could get a better view.
在in case, for fear( that), lest等引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+v。如：
She took her raincoat with her in case/for fear/ lest she (should) be caught in the rain.
Remind me of it in case I(should) forget
在It is time(that) … 句型中，定于从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式用过去式或”should+v“，意思是“该是做某事的时候了”。如：
It’s time we went (should go) to bed.
It’s time we did our homework.
5 虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
（1）情态动词过去式用于现在时态，表说话人的谦虚、客气、礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见日常会话。
It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉
Would you be kind enough to open the door? 请你开下门好吗？
（2）在一些习惯表达中
You’d be better go now.
I would rather not to tell you.
（3）用“may+v”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”时，may须置于句首(多用于正是问题中)。如：
May you be happy!
May good luck be yours.
(4) 用动词原形
Long live the people!
“God bless you,” said the priest.
Exercises:
Chose the best choice for each blank to make the following sentences complete.
1.If the dog hadn’t woken us we
the fire and it
the house next door.
A. hadn’t noticed; had spread to
B. wouldn’t have noticed; might have spread to
C. wouldn’t notice; would have spread to
D.didn’t notice; spread to
2. I wish I
talk this over with Mr. Zhang when he was here last night.
A. had been able
B. should be able
C. have been able
D. were able
3. If you were to do it, the result
different.
A. will be
B. would be
C. should be
D would have been
4.
today, he would get there by Saturday.
A. will be
B. would be
C. have been able
D. were have been
5. It was a lovely day yesterday. I wish I
at the seaside then.
A. were
B. had been
C. should be
D. should have been
6. It was a great pity that
he so careless.
A. was
B. will be
C. should be
D. can be
7. Even if I
with you then, I
much for you.
A. would be; would not do
B. were; should not have done.
C. had been would not do
D. had been; should not have done
8.
,I would not refuse his invitation.
A. Were I you
B. If I should be you
C. If I was you
D. If I had been you
9. The whole family greeted me as though I
a member of the family.
A. am
B. were
C. would
D. should be
10.
,everything would have been all right.
A. He had been here
B. Here he had been
C. Been here he had
D. Had he been here
11.
, man could not live at all.
A. Were it not for the sun
B. If it was for the sun
C. Had it not been for the sun
D. If t shouldn’t be for the sun
12.
Their suggestion that she
till next week is reasonable.
A. wait
B. are waiting
C. will wait
D. would wait
13. If there were no subjunctive mood, English
easier.
A. will be
B. would have been
C. could have been
D. would be
14. If she had worked harder, she
.
A. would succeed
B. had succeeded
C. should succeed
D. would have succeeded
15. –The experiment had failed.
--I suggest you
again.
A. try
B. trying
C. will try
D. would try
16. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it
.
A. breaks
B. had broken
C. were broken
D. had been broken
17. We
the work on time without your help.
A. hadn’t had finished
B. didn’t have finished
C. can’t have finished
D. couldn’t have finished
18. If only I
as young as you are!
A. be
B. am
C. were
D. being
19. Should it rain, the crops
.
A. will be saved
B. would be saved
D. had been saved
D. would have been saved
20. It is important that we
wild animal.
A. will protect
B. should protect
C. shall protect
D. are protecting
21. –There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--It
a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be
B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been
D. couldn’t have been
22. You didn’t let me drive. If we
in turn, you
so tired.
A. drove; didn’t get
B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; won’t get
D. had driven; wouldn’t get
23. –I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--Oh, did you? You
with Barbara。
A. could have stayed
B. could stay
C. would stay
D. must have stayed
Fill the blanks with the words given below, change their forms when necessary
1. He broke his leg yesterday. I wish he
(not slip and fall).
2. He left orders that nothing
(touch) until the police arrived.
3. If you had posted the letter, Joan
(receive) it last Monday.
4. Do you think it right that the boy
(treat) like that?
5. He gave up his job in order that he
(have) more time to study.
6. What would you say or do if someone
(call)
you a fool?
7. It’s high time the weather
(improve).
8. Without electricity, there
(be) no modern industry.
9. If he
(not be) ill, he would have done something to help us.
10. If you had studied hard at school, you
(be) a college student now.
11. Should he need an operation, she
(take) to the hospital.
12. I am not tired. If I were tied, I
(have) a rest.
13. She has been away since last week. If she had been here yesterday, she
(go) to see the film with us.
14. Doctor Wang insisted that the patient
(stay) in bed for a few days.
15. He is sorry he made a mistake. He wished he
(not make) the mistake.
Complete the following sentences with subjunctive mood.
1. If she had come five minutes earlier,
(她就能赶上早班车了)。
2. Lily got up early in the morning
(一边能按时到校)。
3. I suggested that
(我们成立一个业余学习小组)。
4. You would have spoken English well enough
(如果你们天练习读、说英语)。
5. If she were (was)
not so busy,
(她就会出席今天下午的会议了)。
6.
(如果昨天她邀请我), I should have gone to the party.
7. He looks
(好像生过病)。
8. I wish
(我是个科学家)。
9. He ordered (that)
(马上把这封信寄出去)。
10. It is our wish
(that)
(他很快康复)。
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 要是我会游泳该有多好！
2. 如果们天下雨，我们就将运动会推迟。
3. 但愿他明天收到我的信。
4. 如果我有许多空余时间，我要开始学另一门语言。
5.他谈起巴黎来，就好像他亲自到过那儿似的。
6. 如果我是你的话，我会更加注意我的英语发音。
7. 王老师坚持要他的学生每天早上听英语广播。
8. 但愿书在两天之前就已寄出。
9. 傲视你那时听我的劝告，你就不会犯这样的错误了。
10. 今天天气真好。如果天气不好，就不能进行足球赛了。
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