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无敌英语语法(初级版)(未完待续)

本主题由 五龙 于 2007-12-19 18:49 加入精华
2 主动语态变为被动语态

把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法很简单:①把原句中的宾语变为主语;②动词改为被动形式,即be +过去分词;③原来的主语,如果需要的话放在by后面以指明做事的人或物。如果没必要,可以省略。

1 变换方法



主动语态变为被动语态的步骤如下:

步骤1.以主动句的宾语为主语。

步骤2.将动词改为《be +过去分词》的被动语态构成。这一步是关键,特别要注意be动词要以新的主语的人称、数来变化,同时时态不变,主动语态是什么时态,被动语态仍保持什么时态。

步骤3.将主动语态的主语改为by…形式放在句尾,注意如果是代词,则由主格改为宾格。

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3 被动语态的几种类型

有两个宾语的句子通常可以分别将宾语当作主语,造成两种被动语态。而有宾语和宾语补足语的句子,则只能造一个被动语态。

1 由及物动词形成的被动语态

He was told the interesting story by me.

The interesting story was told to him by me.

我把那个有趣的故事告诉他了。

1.有一个宾语的句子的被动语态

详见第167页<2.主动语态变为被动语态>的例句。

2.有两个宾语的句子的被动语态

give,teach…之类的动词后面往往跟两个宾语,也可以叫做双宾语。通常这种句子可以改为以“人”当作主语和以“物”当作主语的两种被动语态。

Tom gave me a present.汤姆给我一件礼物。

I was given a present by Tom.(以人“I”做主语)

A present was given(to)me by Tom.

(以物“present”为主语)

He teaches us English.他教我们英语。

We are taught English by him.(以人当主语)

English is taught us by him.(以物当主语)

He bought me a book.他给我买了一本书。

I was bought a book(by him).

(以人当主语;此句语法上正确,但实际应用时很别扭,所以一般不用)

A book was bought for me(by him).

(以物当主语)

3.含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态

call,make之类的动词常常有宾语补足语,在被动语态中,宾语补足语的位置不变。



注意

所有带不定式宾语补足语的动词,甚至包括感官动词feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to和使役动词let,make,have和动词help在变为被动语态时,一律加to。参见第十四章。

2 由不及物动词+介词或副词形成的被动语态

Many trees are cut down by workers.

许多树木被工人砍倒。

不及物动词不能跟宾语,当然就没有被动语态了,但有的不及物动词,后面跟上一个介词或副词后(即形成所谓的动词短语),其作用和一个及物动词一样,这样,在变成被动语态时,千万不要把介词或副词去掉。

She looks after them.

她照顾他们。

(○)They are looked after by her.

(×)They are looked by her.

We laughed at him.

我们笑话他。

He was laughed at(by us).

必背!

动词短语的被动语态

take care of照看

→be taken care of

cut down砍倒

→be cut down

laugh at嘲笑

→be laughed at

look after照料

→be looked after

必背!

被动语态的动词短语

以下这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式,不需再加“by”。

be covered with                  用……覆盖着

be surprised at                    对……感到惊奇

be known to                       出名

be interested in                  对……感兴趣

be made of(from)          用……制造的

3 由情态动词形成的被动语态

The person must be taken care of by his son.

这个人一定要由他儿子照顾。

含有情态动词的句子变为被动语态时,在情态动词后面加上be动词即可,其句型如下:

肯定句:主语+情态动词(can,may,must)+be(永远是原形)+过去分词~.

否定句:主语+情态动词+not +be +过去分词~.

疑问句:情态动词(Can,May,Must)+主语+be +过去分词~?

注意

《be going to +动词原形》句型变为被动语态时,我们把be going to看成一个词,就如同情态动词can一样,因此它的被动语态应该是《be going to be +过去分词》。

He is going to make it.

→It is going to be made(by him).

We can change water into ice.

我们可以把水变成冰。

Water can be changed into ice.

水可以被变成冰。

You must not take out any books.

你不可以拿走任何一本书。

Any books mustn't be taken out by you.

Can you use it?你会使用它吗?

Can it be used?

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4 被动语态的注意事项

  1适合被动语态的情况

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者,或由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。

This jacket is made of cotton.

这件夹克是棉布的。

The book was written for children.

这本书是为儿童而写的。

2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者时

Food is needed by every living thing.

食物是每个生物的必需品。

The dog was led down the road.

这条狗被带到路边来。

2 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况

学了被动语态,有些同学认为主动句和被动句可以随便换用,没什么差别,这是一个错觉,在一般情况下主动句比被动句用得多。同时,要注意有些情况下是不能变为被动语态的。

动词的变化

动词通常有下述的五种变化形态,以use 为例:

原形→ use

第三人称单数现在式→ uses

过去式→ used

过去分词→ used

现在分词→ using

1.当宾语是反身代词时

The man introduced himself as Mr. Parker.

那个人自我介绍说他是帕克。

I found myself in the park.

我不知不觉地来到公园里。

2.当谓语是表状态的及物动词时

Does the pair of new shoes suit you?

那双新鞋你穿着合适吗?

We will have a meeting.



(×)A meeting will be had.

(○)A meeting will be held.

3 被动语态与系表结构的区别

“be +过去分词”可能是系表结构,也可能是被动语态,其主要区别是:被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。

The letter was written yesterday.(动作)

信是昨天写的。

The letter is written in English.(状态)

这信是用英文写的。

The store is closed at five.(动作)

这个商店五点钟关门。

The store is closed today.(状态)

这个商店今天不开门。

注意

为了明确地表示该被动语态是表示动作的,可用get来代替be动词。

My bike got(代替was)stolen.

我的自行车被偷了。

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Practice 实力测验

一.用括号中被动语态的适当时态填空

1.English_____(speak)here.

2.The song______(like)by us all twenty years ago.

3.The pictures_____(take)by Jack tomorrow.

4.The computer_____(can use)in the room.

5.The room_____(paint)now.

6.The novel______(translate)into many languages since it was published.

7.That clock____(call)Big Ben.

8.Last week,when I______(ask)about English culture,I couldn't answer it well.

9.What language______(speak)in your country?

10.School football games _____often___(hold)on Friday evenings.

11.The film_____(show)again sometime next week.

二、变换句型

1.Many people visited Nara.

Nara ________ ________ by many people.

2.Miss Ding teaches us English.

English ________ ________ by Miss Ding.

3.We call her Grace.

She ________ ________ Grace.

4.When did they make these cars ?

When ________ these cars made ?

5.My uncle gave me some English books.

Some English books ________ to me by my uncle.

I ________ some English books by my uncle.

6.People called him "clever" Hans.

He ________ ________ ________ ________ .

7.1 was encouraged by my parents.

My parents ________ ________.

8.Who will look after the children?

________ ________ ________the childern _______ ________ ________ ?

9.My father has written to my brother.

My brother ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ my father.

三、选择填空

1.I was astonished (吃惊)to hear that the colour TV set ________ 5,000yuan.
 A.has cost B.cost C.costed D.was cost

2.Great changes ________ place since he came here.
 A. have been taken B.have taken
 C. has been taken D.has taken

3.He was seen ________ something from the shop.
 A.steal    B.to steal
 C.to be stolen D.stealed

4.She has ________ by her classmates.
 A.laughed   B.laughed at
 C.been laughed D.been laughed at

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第14章ammar不定式

§1.不定式的语法功能................................................................... 178

§2.不定式的几个主要句型及应注意事项................................... 184

什么是不定式呢?请看下面例句:

例:I want to go.我想去。

在这个句子中有两个表示动作的动词:一个是want,另外一个是to go。

want是这个句子的主要动词,它会随着主语的人称、数和时态而变化,例如:He wants~(主语是第三人称,现在时);He wanted~(过去时)。

to go,不管主语的数、人称和时态如何变化,它永远保持《to+动词原形》的形式,to go就是不定式。

所以说,不定式中所谓“不定”是不受主语的数(单数或复数)和人称(第一人称、第二人称、第三人称)以及时态、语态等的影响或限定的意思。例如:

一般现在时:He wants to go.

一般过去时:I wanted to go.

一般过去时的被动语态:They were asked to go.

在上述三句中,主语、时态、语态有变化,但不定式to go不受影响,毫无变化。

总结:动词不定式的基本形式是《to +动词原形》,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。(但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。)

动词不定式仍保留动词的特点,即它可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。



注意

不定式前面的to(或称为小品词)和介词用的to是不同的。介词to后面要跟名词或代词的宾格,或相当于名词的词及短语做它的宾语。而不定式的小品词to后面要跟动词原形。

listen to me(to是介词)

to read the book(to是不定式的小品词)

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1 不定式的语法功能

不定式《to +动词原形》在句子中有各种作用,一般可归类为三种基本用法,如下:1.作名词的用法2.作副词的用法3.作形容词的用法。

不定式的形式



担当主语的词

一般的句子都以名词(如Tom,the pen…)或代名词(如he,this…)作为主语。

Tom is a student.

(名词)

汤姆是个学生。

He likes music.

(代词)

他喜欢音乐。

1 不定式作名词的用法

不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同。在句子中担当主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。

1.主语

名词用法的不定式和名词一样,可担任句子的主语。

To dance is a lot of fun.

=It is a lot of fun to dance.跳舞非常有趣。

To grow plants is very important.

=It is very important to grow plants.

种些植物是非常重要的。

To speak English is not easy for me.

=It is not easy for me to speak English.

说英语对我来说并不容易。

To hear your voice is so nice.

=It is so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

To play tricks on other people is wrong.

=It is wrong to play tricks on other people.

作弄别人是不对的。

2.表语

不定式像名词一样,可以放在be动词后面,形成表语。

It is…to~的句型

文中这些句子通常要用《It is…+不定式》的句型来代替。在句中It做形式主语,真正的主语是不定式,而不定式被认为是第三人称单数,所以动词要用is(现在时)或was(过去时)。

注意

当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to~的句型。

To see is to believe.

百闻不如一见。

(×)It is to believe to see.

My work is to clean the room every day.

我的工作是每天打扫这间屋子。

The best plan is to leave at once.

最上策的计划就是马上离开这儿。

My dream is to be a doctor.

我的梦想就是成为一名医生。

可以作表语的成分

一般句子中的表语通常是由名词或形容词来担任。

He is a student.

(名词)

他是名学生。

He is kind.

(形容词)

他很好。

3.宾语

不定式用在及物动词后,担当宾语。常见的及物动词:want,hope,wish,like,begin(start),try,need,forget,agree,know,learn,promise,refuse,help等。

They began to read and write.

他们开始读和写。

What sports does Li Ling like to play?

李玲喜欢玩什么?

She likes to play soccer.

她喜欢踢足球。

What do you want to be when you grow up?

你长大了想做什么?(想当什么?)

注意

would like to~也是想要~的意思,不过比want to~更客气。

want to be~的be可以用become来替换。

4.宾语补足语

She asked me to speak more loudly.

宾语    宾补

他要求我再大声点儿。

Lucy told him not to cry.

路希告诉他不要哭。

Jim told Li Ming to give his best wishes to everybody.

吉姆告诉李明由衷地祝福每个人。

比较

I found that to learn English is important.

我发现学英语很重要。



2 不定式作副词的用法(作状语)

Tom came to see me last night.(表目的)昨天晚上汤姆来看我。

不及物动词

I am glad to see you.(表原因)很高兴见到你。

形容词

不定式有时起副词作用,修饰动词或形容词,在句子中担任状语,表示目的和原因。

1.表目的

a.不定式在不及物动词后担当状语表示目的的情况很多。

注意

当强调不定式所表示的目的时,可与in order to或so as to连用。但是so as to引出的目的状语只能放在句尾。in order to引出的目的状语放在句首、句尾均可。

He came to give us a talk yesterday.

他昨天来(为了)给我们做报告。

I went to the park to breathe the fresh air.

我去公园(为了)呼吸新鲜的空气。

In order to master English we must work hard at it.

=We must work hard at English in order to(so as to)master it.

=To master English we must work hard at it.

=We must work hard at English to master it.

为了掌握英语,我们必须努力学习它。

b.针对Why~?(为什么~呢?)的疑问句作答时,一般来讲用because…(因为…)回答,表明其理由、原因。但当回答时表示目的时可用不定式代替作简略回答。

必背!

表示感情的形容词

be glad to~高兴

be happy to~表示快乐

be sorry to~抱歉、遗憾

be stupid to~愚蠢的

be sad to~悲伤的

另外,下列含有过去分词的句型也经常使用。

I am surprised to hear of his failure.听到他失败,我感到惊讶。

He was delighted to have a good friend.

他很高兴有一个好朋友。

Why did he stay home?

他为什么呆在家里?

Because he was sick.(一般回答)

因为他病了。

Why did you go to the library?

你为什么去图书馆呢?

To study English.(不定式简答法)

=I went to the library to study English.

为了学习英语。(表目的)

2.表原因

a.不定式可以在glad,happy之类表达感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词表示“因为……而……”的意思。

I am glad to be here.

我很高兴能在这里。

I am sorry to trouble you.

很抱歉给你添麻烦。

b.有时起副词作用的不定式也可以用来修饰表示感情以外的其他形容词,表示“供……之用”的意思。

It will be good for her to be out in the sun.

出去晒晒太阳对她有益。

It is not good for your eyes to read in the sun.

在阳光下看书对你的眼睛不好。

This water is good to drink.

这水很适合饮用(喝)。

The chair is comfortable to sit in.

这把椅子坐上去很舒服。

Do you think him easy to work with?

你认为他很好相处吗?

We found the problem difficult to solve.

我们发现这个问题很难解决。

比较

不定式作宾语和状语的区别

1.I want to swim . (to swim 作宾语) 我想去游泳。

2.I went there to swim . (to swim 作状语) 我去那儿游泳。

不定式 to swim 跟在两个不同的动词后充当两个不同的句子成分——宾语和状语。那么如何区分呢?

1.如果不定式跟在及物动词后,那么它就充当宾语。(见例1.)

如果它跟在不及物动词后面,它往往充当状语,表目的。(见例2.)

2.从句子意思上来看,例1.中,如果没有了不定式 to swim (作宾语),则译成“我想”。这不是一个完整的句子,所以此时,不定式(宾语)是不可缺的。而例2.中的 to swim (状语)它修饰动词 went ,表示去那里的目的,从句子意思上来看有没有它都可以成为一个完整的句子。例2.译为“我去那儿(为了)游泳。”同样去掉不定式 to swim可译为“我去那儿了。”所以不定式作状语时,不是句子必不可缺的成分。

3 不定式作形容词的用法(作定语)

I have a lot of work to do.

我有许多事情要做。

1.不定式有时起形容词作用修饰名词或代词,在句中担任定语。不定式作定语时,它的位置在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。

Have you got anything to say?

你还有什么要说的吗?

Are there many places to see in London?

在伦敦,有许多可看的地方吗?

I have some books to give you.

我有一些书要给你。

They were the first to come to China.

他们是第一次来中国的。

She is the last to come.

她是最后一个到的。

2.如果不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面就应有必要的介词。

注意

如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way,不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。

He had no money and no place to live.

他没有钱也没地方住。

They have a lot of things to talk about.

他们有许多事情要谈。

(talk是不及物动词,必须加上介词about)

He is looking for a room to live in.

他正在找一间屋子住下。

(live是不及物动词,必须加上介词in;同时room是不定式live这一动作的地点,也必须加上in,否则to live the room是不成立的,只能是to live in the room)

There is nothing to worry about.

没什么事情可担心的(没什么可担心的事情)。

3.不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时,放置在它们的后面。

如果something,anything,nothing有形容词来修饰,那词序应该是something(nothing,anything)+形容词+不定式~.

There is nothing to eat.

没有东西可吃了。

Give me something hot to drink.

给我一些热的东西喝。

I need something nice to wear to the party next month.

我需要一些好的穿戴去参加下个月的晚会。

比较

I want to eat something.我想吃东西。

(to eat是不定式作宾语,something作不定式eat的宾语)

I want something to eat.我想要点儿吃的东西。

(to eat是不定式作定语,修饰something)

比较



比较

除了不定式可作定语外,名词、形容词和介词短语、副词亦可作定语。

1.名词作定语



3.介词短语作定语

介词短语作定语时和不定式一样,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。

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Practice 实力测验

一、选择填空

1.Tell him ________ the window.
 A.shut    B.not to shut
 C.to not shut D.not shut

2.It took us more than two hours ________ the dinner.
 A.prepare  B.preparing
 C.to prepare D.be prepared.

3.We felt the earth ________ .
 A.move  B.moving
 C.to move D.be moved

4.The student was made ________ the text ten times.
 A.copy  B.copying
 C.to copy D.be copied

5.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable ________ .
 A.to sit B.to sit on
 C.sit  D.be sat on

6.I don't I know ________ next.
 A.what to do B.to do what
 C.which to do D.how to do

7.It is very important ________ us ________ it.


 A.to, to remember B.for, to remember
 C.for, remembering D.to, remembering

8.________ a foreign language, one must have a lot of practice.
 A.For mastering B.Mastering
 C.To master   D.Master

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第15章ammar介词

§1.介词的种类和介词短语的用法............................................... 193

§2.表示时间的介词....................................................................... 194

§3.表示场所、方向的介词........................................................... 198

§4.其他介词................................................................................... 204

§5.介词短语................................................................................... 207

介词(前置词)是一种虚词,它不能单独担任句子成分,必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语,才能担任句子成分。

英语中介词的数量并不多,但因为每个介词通常都具有多种意思,如in,即可表示时间,又可表示地点,同时,同样的介词和不同的名词组成不同的意思,例如:look at(看……)、 look after(查看……)、 look for(寻找……),所以介词对于学生们来讲,还是比较难的,同时介词在英语中的使用频率也是很高的,仅次于冠词,所以学好它也是非常重要的。

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1介词的种类和介词短语的用法

  1介词的种类

介词由字形上可分为以下两种:

1.简单介词:只是一个单词,如:in,on,after……。

2.短语介词:由两个以上单词集合而成,如:out of,

in front of,because of,instead of。

2 介词短语的用法

The girl with long hair is my sister.

有着一头长发的女孩是我姐姐。

Nancy put her pen on the desk.

南希把她的笔放在桌上。

介词+名词(代词),形成介同短语,可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。

1.作定语

The book on the desk is mine.

桌子上的书是我的。

He bought a house of five rooms.

他买了一所有五个房间的房子。

比较

形容词作定语与介词短语作定语的区别:



注意

介词短语作定语时,一律后置。

2.作状语(修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句)



比较

副词作状语与介词短语作状语:



3.作表语

He is in danger.

他处于危险之中。

We are against(for) you.

我们反对(赞成)你。

It was because of the heavy rain, we couldn't

go out.因为这场大雨,我们出不去了。

4作宾语补足语

Make yourself at home.

放松一些,就和在你自己家一样。

We made him out of danger.

我们使他脱离了危险。

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2表示时间的介词

表示“时间”的介词如下:

1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on

2.表示时间的前后用 before, after

3.表示期限等用by,until,till

4.表示期间等用for,during,through

5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since

6.表示时间的经过等用in,within

1 at,on,in

1.at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点

at noon正午时

at night在夜间

at present目前

at nine(o’clock)在九点钟

We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve).

我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。

2.on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)

注意

泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。

in the morning

在早上

on sun day morning

在周日早上

on Monday在周一

on Tuesday morning在周二早上

on June 6在6月6日

on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日

on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚

on the night of July(the) first

在七月一日的夜晚

We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon

上周三下午我们没去听演讲。

3.in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。

注意

在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。

this morning今天上午

last Friday 上周五

next Sunday下周日

every Monday(week, spring…)

每周一(每星期,每个春季……)

in the week在这周

in May在五月

in  spring在春季

in 1995在1995年

in September,1995在1995年9月

in the morning在上午

in the afternoon在下午

in the evening在晚上

People go skating in winter

人们冬天去滑冰。

2before,after

1.before:在…之前

Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)

吃饭前请洗手。

He will call me before he leaves here.

(before作连词)

他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。

2.after:在……之后

注意

before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。

Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)

放学后咱们唱歌吧!

Pleas close the door after you leave the room.

(after作连词)

离开房间后请关门。

3 by,until(till)

1.by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……

注意

由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。

How many English books had you read by the end of last year?

到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?

2.until(till):直到……为止(时间)

比较

by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)

until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)

We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)

一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。

I'll wait for him until he comes here

我将在这儿一直等到他来。

(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)

注意

until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。

4 for,during,through

1.for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)

必背!

常用的短语

for a year 一年

for a few days几天

for twenty weeks 二十周

during the lesson 上课期间

during the war (the night)

战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)

可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。

He has lived here for 20 years.

他在这儿已经住了二十年了。

We will stay in the city for two days.

我们要在那里呆两天。

2.during: 在…期间

They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.

暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。

比较

for和 during

for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。

3 through:一直……(从开始到结束)

They played the cards through the night.

他们打了一整夜的牌。

5 from,since

1.from:从……起(时间)

表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。

The meeting will be held from eight to ten.

这个会议将从8点开到10点。

The meeting will be held at eight.

会议将从八点钟开始。

比较

since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。

另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。

2.since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)

I have been sick since yesterday.

我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)

The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)

这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。

6 in,within

1.in:过……后(未来时间)

注意

如果用于过去时,用after +时间。

She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.

去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。

大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。

in an hour 一小时之后

in a week or so 一个多星期之后

He will be back in five hours.

他五小时之后回来。

They said they would arrive here in a week.

他们说他们一周后到达。

2.within:不超过……的范围

比较

within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。

in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。

within 3 hours   3小时之内

I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.

我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。

They worked hard. They finished the work

within 2 days at last.

他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。

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3 表示场所、方向的介词

1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.

2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.

1 at,in

1 at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)

at school 上学

at home 在家

at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号

at a factory 在一家工厂

I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.

我将去北京站接他。

2.in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)

in Beijing 在北京

in China 在中国

in the world 在世界上

in the street 在街上

She was born in China.

她是在中国出生的。

2 on,under,over,above,below

1.on:a.在……上面,有接触面

比较

over与above的区别

over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。

on the desk  在桌子上面

There are two maps on the wall.

墙上有两张地图。

b.在……靠近……的地方

on the right             在右边

on the river             在河边

2.above:在……上方

Our plane flew above the clouds.

我们的飞机在云端上飞行。

3.over:在……正上方,是under的反义词

There is a light over Li Ming.

李明的正上方有一盏灯。

A few birds were flying over the sea.

有几只鸟在海上飞。

4.under:在……下面;在……之内

under the table 桌子下面

under the jacket 在夹克内

The dog is under the table.

这只狗在桌子下面。

5.below:在……下方(不一定是正下方)

正下方是under,below是above的反义词。

There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.

水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。

注意

over的其他意思

a.遍及

all over the world

全世界

b.超过(=more than)

We have over

(=more than)40 books.

我们有四十多本书。

c.越过,在那边

over there

在那边

over the wall

越过墙

3 near,by

1.near:近的,不远的

near =not far是far的反义词。

near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。

Is there a bus stop near here?

这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?

2.by:在……旁边距离比near要近

注意

在……旁边,有时也用 beside。

by the window 在窗户旁边

by me 我旁边

The boy is standing by the window.

这个男孩正站在窗户旁边。

4 between,among,around

1.between:在两者之间

My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.

我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。

What's the difference between A and B?

A和B之间有什么区别?

2.among:在三者或更多的之中

There is a beautiful house among the trees.

在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。

He is very popular among the students.

他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。

3.around:环绕,在……周围,在……四周

We sat around the table.

我们在桌子四周坐下来。

They walked around the street.

他们在街上到处走。

5 in front of,behind

1.in front of:在……的前面;在……的前部

注意

in front of和 before均是“在……之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。

(○)in front of the room

(×)before the room

There is a tree in front of the house.

在房屋前面有一棵树。

There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.

在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。

2.behind:在……后面

behind是in front of的反义词。

There is a tree behind the house.

房子后面有一棵树。

at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面

注意

可以用 at the back of…=behind…

6 in,into,out of

1.in:在……之内,用于表示静止的位置

The students are in the classroom.

学生们在教室里。

注意

out of…与from的区别

表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从……起”(起点)时,使用from。

Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.

汤姆和李明走出房间。

The train is from Boston.

这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。

2.into:进入

用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ……

The students run into the classroom.

学生们跑进教室。

He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。

3.out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向

The students rushed out of the room.

学生们冲出房间。

7 along,across,through

1.along:沿着

I was walking along the river when it began to rain,

我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。

2.across:横过

I often swim across the river.

我常游泳横渡这条河。

3.through:贯穿,通过

The river was through the city.

这条河穿过这个城市。

8 to,for,from

1.to:到达……地点(目的地)

注意

to与towards的区别

to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)见左文<1.to>的例句。

towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。

He walked to wards the gate of the park.

他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。

He came to Japan in 1980.

他1980年来到日本。

Tom has gone to school.

汤姆已经去学校了。

2.for:表示目的地,“向……”

I'll leave for America next week.

下周我将动身去美国。

for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。

leave for 动身去……

start for 出发去……

3.from:从……地点起……

It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.

从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。

How tar is it from our school to the hospital?

从我们学校到医院有多远?

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4其他介词

介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”……等

1 表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,by

1.with:a.和……在一起

比较

in和 with

用in,with表工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。

a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。

with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔

b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。

in ink 用墨水

in pencil 用铅笔

Will you please go with me?

你和我一起去好吗?

b.具有、带有

He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.

他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。

c.用某工具或方法

Li Li cut her hand with a knife.

莉莉用刀把手弄破了。

I see with my eyes.

我用眼睛看。

He wrote the letter with a new pen.

他用一支新钢笔写这封信。

2.in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。

She wrote a letter in black ink.

她用黑色的墨水写信。

Don't write it in pencil but in ink.

别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。

3.by:通过……方法、手段

He goes to school by bicycle.

他骑自行车上学。

必背!

《by +交通工具》的词组

by bicycle 骑自行车          by plane 坐飞机

by car 坐小汽车                (=by air)

by bus 坐公共汽车           by train 坐火车

by taxi 坐出租车               by ship 坐船

比较

搭乘交通工具

用by来表示搭乘交通工具方式、手段时,名词前不加冠词。

by train 坐火车

You can go there in my car.

你可以坐我的车去那儿。

用in表示时,后面要用冠词或代词。同样坐公共汽车可以说:

take the(a)bus

2 of,from

1.of:(属于)……的;表示……的数量或种类

This is a map of China.

这是一幅中国地图。

Will you please give me a cup of tea?

请您给我一杯茶好吗?

2.from:来自(某地、某人);以……起始

(时间或地点)

参见197,203页有关from的部分。

I'm from Nanjing.我是南京人。

I have got a letter from my friend.

我收到了一封我朋友的来信。

3 without,like,as

1.without:没有,是with的反义词

Men can't live without air and water.

人类没有空气和水不能生存。

I can't read the book without using a dictionary.

不用字典,我看不了这本书。

Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.

请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。

Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.

请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。

2.like:像……一样

Nancy is just like her mother.

南希和她的妈妈一样。

比较

make…of…

与make…from…这两个词组都是“由…制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“make…of…”;看不出原料是什么,用“make…from…”。

The box is made of wood.

这箱子是木料做的。

The paper is made from rice straw.

这纸是用稻草造的。

注意

前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。

3.as:作为

He is famous as a scientist here.

他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。

4 against,about

1.against:反对;靠着

He is against the plan.(Li Ming)

他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。

The teacher is standing against the blackboard.

老师正靠着黑板站着。

2.about:a.关于;各处;身旁

Tell me something about your life.

告诉我你的生活情况。

He looked about himself.

他向四处张望。

I have no money about(=with)me.

我身上没带钱。

b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议

What about your sister?

你姐姐情况如何?

How about going to the park?

去公园怎么样?

注意

What about …?与How about…?的用法没有区别。

必背!

各种介词短语

使用工具 with a pencil

交通工具 by bus

用某语言 in French

用电视(学英语) learn English on TV

付多少钱 for two dollars

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5 介词短语

介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:

1.动词+介词 (talk about~,look at~)

2.be动词+形容词+介词(be kind to~)

3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time)

1.动词+介词

talk about(sth.):谈论某事

They are talking about their school.

他们正在谈论他们的学校。

2.talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论

Don't talk to your desk mate,Li Ming.

李明,不要和你的同桌说话。

3.look  at:注视

She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing.

她盯着黑板看,但什么也看不见。

4.listen to:倾听

I listened to him,but heard nothing.

我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。

5.call on(sb.):拜访

He called on his uncle yesterday.

昨天他看望了他的叔叔。

6.arrive at(in):到达

We arrived at the station at noon.

我们中午到达车站。

We arrived in Beijing last year.

我们去年到(达)北京。

注意

arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。

注意

口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。

I'll get to the factory at three.

我将在三点钟到工厂。

7.take care of:照顾

The old men were taken good care of.

老人们受到了很好的照顾。

8.wait for:等待

I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.

我等你到八点钟。

9.look for:寻找

I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.

我到处找我的表,但是没找到。

必背!

其他重要的介词短语

speak to 和……说话

stay with 和某人呆在一起

think about 考虑有关……

write to 给某人写信

2 be动词+形容词+介词

1.be kind to:对某人亲切

His step-mother was kind to him.

他的继母对他很好。

2.be good at:在……做得好;擅长于……

Are you good at speaking English?

你英语说得好吗?

3.be late for:迟到

He is always late for school.

他上学总是迟到。

4.be afraid of:害怕……

The boy isn't afraid of big dogs.

这个男孩不怕大狗。

5.be sorry for(sth.):为……抱歉

I'm sorry for being late.

抱歉,我迟到了。

必背!

其他重要的介词短语

be absent from 缺席

be proud of 以……为自豪

be different from 和……不同

be famous for 因……而著名

be fond of…… 爱好,喜欢

be pleased with 乐于

3 介词+名词

《介词+名词》的介词短语,大多作为副词使用。

1.at:

at home      在家

at school     在学校

at least        至少

at present   目前

at first         起初

at once       立刻

at last         最后(终于)

at night       夜晚

语词互换

be good at

=can…well

他游泳游得很好。

He is good at swimming.

He can swim well be full of

=be filled with

箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。

The box is full of apples.

The box is filled with apples.

2.on:

on foot 步行

on one’s way 在去某地的路上

on the telephone 用电话

on time 准时

3.for:

for a while 一会儿

for example 例如

for oneself 为了自己

for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年)

4.in:

in English 用英语

in those days在当时

in class 课上

in time 及时

5.by:

by the way 顺便说         by oneself 独自地

6.其他:

after shcool 放学后

of course 当然

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Practice 实力测验

一、用括号中适当的介词填空

1.He arrived ________ (at, in, for) Shanghai ________ (in, at, on, for) the morning of January.

2.We played tennis ________ (until, by, on) four.

3.There is a clock ________ (on, over, above) the wall.

4.We have no school ________ (on, at, in, with) Sundays.

5.She goes to the station ________ (on, by, in, with) bus.

6.My answer is different ________ (from, at, of, for) yours.

7.I'm interested ________ (at, with, on, in) China and Chinese way of life.

8.Nancy looked ________ (after. for, along, like) the knife.

9.Tom is very fond ________ (in, at, with, of) the sea.

10.I'll be here ________ (at, in, on, for) five o'clock.

11.The bus arrived exactly ________ (on, at above) time.

12.A bridge was built ________ (on, at, over, above) the river.

13.________ (in, At, To, With) her surprise, she found herself (in, at, on, with) a different world.

14.We cannot live ________ (with, by, in, without, for) water.

15.The teacher gave me some advice ________ (about, on, with, for) how to study English.

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第16章ammar连词

§1.并列连词................................................................................... 213

§2.从属连词................................................................................... 218

连词是连接字、短语、从句与句子的词,是虚词,因此它不能独立担任句子成分。连词主要分为两大类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。它包括:and,or,but,so,for,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also。

从属连词用来引导从句,它包括: that, when, till, until, after, before, since,because,if,whether,though,although,so…that,so that,in order that,as soon as,as…as can…

下面,我们分别讲述主要连词的用法。

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并列连词

1 and:和,并且

I like basketball, football and table-tennis.

我喜欢篮球、足球和乒乓球。

1.基本用法

and表示“和”、“而且”的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语与片语,句子与句子。

He got up and put on his hat.

他站起来,戴上了帽子。

I went to the Summer Palace and he went to Bei Hai Park.

我去颐和园,他去北海公园。

注意

单词或词组如果是三个以上连接,一般在最后的单词或词组前加and。另外“and”在译成中文时不一定要翻译出“和”来。

2.特别用法:and在祈使句中的作用

句型:祈使句,  and…=If you…, you'll…

Use your head,and you'll find a way.

动动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。

=If you use your head,you'll find a way.

如果你动动脑子,你就会想出办法。

Hurry up,and you'll catch the bus.

快点,你就会赶上公共汽车。

=If you hurry up,you'll catch the bus.

如果你快点,你就会赶上公共汽车。

2 or:或,或者,否则

Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.

李明是北京人还是上海人呢?

1.基本用法

or表示“~或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。

Would you like coffee or tea?

你喜欢咖啡还是茶?

Tom or I am right.我或者汤姆是对的。

Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.

李明或者是他的同班同学在打扫房间。

注意

“A or B”作主语时,谓语动词随or后面的词(B)而定,因此例子中的谓语动词服从I,用am。

2.特别用法

句型:祈使句, or…=If you don't…, you'll…

同and一样,or在祈使句中的用法,译成“请…,否则…”,有转折的意思。

Hurry up,or you'll miss the bus.

快点吧,否则你就会误了公共汽车。

=If you don't hurry up,you'll miss the bus.

如果你不快点,你就会误了这班车。

Study hard,or you'll fail in the exam.

好好学吧,否则你考试就会不及格。

=If you don't study hard,you'll fail in the exam.

如果你不努力学习,你考试就会不及格。

注意

or疑问句的读法or前面的部分用升调,后面的部分用降调。

3 but:但是,可是,而

He is old, but he looks very young.

他老了,但他看起来很年轻。

Li Li likes violin but doesn't like piano.

李莉喜欢小提琴,(但是)不喜欢钢琴。

(but 后面省略了主语Li Li,因为与前面的主语成分相同)

Mary likes violin, but Tom doesn't.

玛丽喜欢小提琴,而汤姆不喜欢。

(doesn't后面省略了like violin,因为与前面的成分相同)

He isn't a teacher but a doctor.

他不是(一个)老师,而是医生。

They came here not for money but for the life.

他们到这儿来,不是要钱,而是要命。

注意

but所连接的句子,句中如果某些成分与前面相同,则可以省略。

4 so, for

It began to rain,so we had to stay here.

开始下雨了,我们不得不呆在这儿了。

1.so:所以,因此,于是

My teacher asked me to go, so I went.

我们老师让我去,因此我就去了。

比较

so除了作连词外,也可以作副词。

I hope you can pass the exam.

我希望你能通过考试。

I hope so.我也希望。

Don't walk so fast.别走得太快。

2.for:因为

I soon went to sleep, for I was tired.

我很快就入睡了,因为我太累了。

The sun has risen,for the birds are singing.

太阳升起来了,小鸟在唱歌。

比较

for和be cause for也可译为“因为”,但是它没有什么因果关系,不像because那样,而for只是说明解释而已。

5 both…and:和,既……也……

He can play both the violin and the piano.

他既会拉小提琴,又会弹钢琴。

1.《both…and…》构成的词组作为主语时,谓语动词用复数。

Both Li Ming and Li Li are good students.

(Li Ming和Li Li都是人,所以两者对等)

李明和李莉都是好学生。

注意

在《both…and…》句型中,and连接的词或词组要对等。

2.《both…and》的否定句表示部分否定。

He can't play both the violin and the piano.

他会拉小提琴或者会弹钢琴。(不全会)

Both Li Ming and Li Li are not good students.

明和李莉不都是好学生。(其中一个是好学生)

6 either…or,neither…nor

I want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai.

我想参观天津或者上海。

I like neither English nor Chinese.

中文和英文我全不喜欢。

1.either…or:或……或……;不是……就是……

a.《either…or…》构成的词组作为主语时,谓语动词随其邻近的词,即or后面的词而定。

Either you or he is right.

不是你,就是他是对的。

b.此句型的否定句是全否定。

Either you or he isn't right.你和他都不对。

I don't want to visit either Tianjing or

Shanghai.天津和上海我都不想参观。

2.neither…nor:既不……也不……

a.当此词组担任主语时,谓语动词的用法和either…or的用法一样,由nor后面的词而定。

Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不对。

b.此句型本身是全否定,因此不能再用否定式,即不能再加not。

(×)Neither You nor I am not right.

比较

both …and ,either…or ,neither …nor 这三个句型的相互关系如下:

1.肯定句:I like both A and  B.我喜欢A和B。

I like both coffee and tea.

我喜欢咖啡和茶。(茶和咖啡我都喜欢)

2.否定句:I don't like both A and B. =I like either A or B.

我不喜欢A 或B。

I like either coffee or tea .

咖啡和茶,我喜欢一样儿。

=I don't like both coffee and tea .

3.I don't like either A or B .=I like neither A nor B.

A和B 我都不喜欢。

咖啡和茶,我都不喜欢。

I like neither coffee nor tea .

I don't like either coffee or tea .

7 not only… but also:不但……而且

(1)Not only you but also your father is coming.

不但你,而且你父亲也要来。

(2)Jane is  not only beautiful  but also kind.

珍妮不但漂亮,而且人非常好。

1.基本用法:《not only…but also》担任主语时,此句型的谓语动词随 but also后面的部分而定,参见上文例(1)。

另外not only…but also连接对等的词或词组;例(1)you(你)和 your  father(你父亲)都是人。例(2)beautiful(美的)和kind(亲切、慈祥)都是形容词。

2.该句型可以和“as well as”互换,但注意汉语翻译。

Your father as well as you is coming.

不但你,而且你父亲也要来。

注意

as well as的句子谓语动词随它前面的词“Your father”而定,所以用is coming.

Jane is kind as well as beautiful.

珍妮不但漂亮,而且为人很好。

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2  从属连词

1 that

I  think(that) he likes football.

我想他喜欢足球。

that引导名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)和定语从句,本书只介绍宾语从句。

1.that在宾语从句、间接引语中可以省略,主句与从句时态一致。

I think(that) he is tired.我想他累了。

I thought(that) he was tired.

注意

要特别注意主句与从句时态的呼应。如果主句是过去时,从句一律改为过去的时态,详见第二十章宾语从句。

2.如果主句的动词是 think, believe…;如果主句的主语是第一人称,变为否定句时,要否定主句,译成中文时,则否定从句。

I believe you will leave here.

我相信,你会离开这儿的。

I don't believe you will leave here.

我相信,你不会离开这儿的。

必背!

I hope that~我希望~

I think that~我认为~

I say that~我说~

I know that~我知道~

I find that~我发现~

be afraid that~恐怕~

be sure that~确认~

be glad(happy) that~很高兴~

(以上的that都可以省略)

2 when,while,till,until,since…

When he arrives there he will call you.

他到达那儿以后,他会给你打电话。

when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等是连接时间状语从句的连词。在时间状语从句中要特别注意时态的搭配:当主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时。

注意

while所引导的从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的,不能用点动词。(如begin,stop…)

When I arrived there, it was raining.

当我到那儿时,天正在下雨。

I entered the room while(when) Li Ming was talking with her.

我进屋时,李明正在和她谈话。

I didn't go to sleep until(till)I finished my homework.

直到我做完作业,我才上床睡觉。

We won't work until(till) our teacher teaches us how to do it.

老师教给我们如何做这工作之后,我们才会开始做。

He came to China after the war was over.

比较

连词连接从句不同,意思不同。

He had been in China before the war was over.

战争结束前,他已经在中国了。

=The war was over before he came to China.

=The war had been over before he came to China.

战争结束后,他来到中国。

I have learned more than two thousand English words since I began learning English two years ago.

自从两年前我开始学习英语以来,我已经学习了两千多个英语单词了。

注意

since引导的是一个过去时的句子,说明自当时以来到现在(自从两年前以来),主句一般要用现在完成时。

As soon as I get enough money,I'll buy it.

我一得到足够的钱,就买它。

3 because:因为,连接原因状语从句

She didn't go there,because she was ill.

因为她病了,所以她没去那儿。

1.回答Why问句时,只能用because,不能用for或 as.

Why are you late?

你为什么迟到?

Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.

因为在我来这儿的路上,遇到了车祸。

2.汉语中,我们经常说因为……所以,但在英文中有了because,就不能再用so。

(×)Because he was tired, so he couldn't walk there.

因为他累了,所以他不能走到那儿了。

4 if,though (although)

If it doesn't rain,we'll go to the park.

如果不下雨,我们就去公园。

Though I was tired, I still worked hard.

虽然我很累,可是我仍然努力地工作。

1.if:如果(引导条件从句)

You can pass the exam if you study hard.

如果你努力学习,你会及格的。

2.though,although:虽然(引导让步状语从句)和原因状语从句一样,如果用了though,although (虽然)就不能再用but(但是)。

Although(Though) I live near the sea, I'm not a good swimmer.

=I live near the sea,but I'm not a good swimmer.

虽然我住在海边,可是我游泳并不好。

注意

注意时态一致,和时间状语从句一样。主句是将来时之时,从句要用一般现在时。

5 so…that:太……以致……

He is so old that he can't work. = He is too old to work.

他太老了,不能工作。

The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.

=The box is too heavy for me to lift.

箱子太沉了,我抬不起来。

The girl is so beautiful that everybody likes her.

这个小女孩太漂亮了,每个人都喜欢她。

注意

注意此句型与too…to的互换。

so…that在肯定句中不能转换成too…to…。

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Practice 实力测验

一、用括号中适当的连词填空

1.Tom ______ (or, but, and) Jim are brothers.

2.Li Ming doesn't like oranges, ______ (for, but, or) Emi does.

3.Is this bag yours ______ (and, or, so) Jane's ?

4.Both Nancy ______ (and, or, nor) Ellen play the piano.

5.Either Bill ______ (and, or, nor) Tom ate the cake.

6.Neither Mike ______ (and, or, nor) Rose likes English.

7.______ (If, When, Because) he came home, his father was watching TV

8.I'll visit my uncle ______ (when, if, after) it's fine tomorrow.

9.Bob stayed at home ______ (because, if, before) he was sick.

10.Her mother tried to do something,  ______ (so, because, but, that) she couldn't do anything.

11.We can do great things for our town______ (if, but, what, before)we work together.

12.I think you've learned a lot in China______ (before, since, if, that)you came here.

13.Go to see the doctor at once,______ (or, and, so) your cold may get worse.

14.Which do you like better, cat______ (or, and, but) dog'?

二、从所给连词中选取合适的,填入下列各句空格内。

that, what, which, who, how, why, whether, when, how long, how many

1.I want to know______ they are preparing for.

2.Please tell him______ the train will arrive.

I want him to come to the station to meet me.

3.Can you tell me______ he will come or not ?

4.I don't know______ he is always late. His house is not far away from here.

5.Can you tell me______ Lesson is the most difficult in Book V ?

6.I don't know______ he could draw a picture in five minutes. He must have a good way.

7.He didn't know______ his mother was ill.

8.Do you know______ has broken the glass ?

9.I don't know______ books he bought yesterday.

10.Can you tell me______ he is going to stay there ?

三、改正下列句中的错误

1.Both you and your sister studies hard.

2.Not only we but also she are going to the movies.

3.Either he or I are to go.

4.Mother as well as father love us.

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第17章ammar句子的成分和基本句型

§1.句子的成分............................................................................... 225

§2.五种基本句型........................................................................... 228

句子是由词按一定语法结构组成的,能表达一个完整的概念的语言单位。句子的开头第一个字母必须要大写,结尾要有句号“.”,问号“?”或感叹号“!”。

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1  句子的成分

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分:

1 主语

主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。

We study in No.1 Middle School.(讲述“谁”~)

我们在一中学习。

The classroom is very clean.

(讲述“什么”很干净)

这间教室很干净。

Three were absent.(数词作主语)

三个人缺席。

To teach them English is my job.

(不定式作主语)

教他们英语是我的工作。

注意

不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型,因此左例可变为It is my job to teach them English.

(真正的主语是to teach them English.)

2 谓语

说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。

谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。

His Parents are doctors.

(系动词和表语一起作谓语)

他的父母亲是医生。

She looks well.(系动词和表语一起作谓语)

她看起来气色(面色)很好。

We study hard.(实义动词作谓语)

我们努力学习。

We have finished reading the book.

(助动词和实义动词一起作谓语)

我们已经看完了这本书。

He can speak English.

(情态动词和实义动词作谓语)

他会说英语。

3 表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。

You look younger than before.(形容词作表语)

你看起来比以前年轻。

I am a teacher.(名词作表语)

我是个老师。

Everybody is here.(副词作表语)

所有的人都出席了。

They are at home now.(介词短语作表语)

他们现在在家。

My job is to teach them English.(不定式作表语)

我的工作是教他们英语。

4  宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。(直接宾语、间接宾语详见后面五种基本句型)。

She is playing the piano now.(名词作宾语)

她正在弹钢琴。

He often helps me.(代词作宾语)

他常常帮助我。

He likes to sleep in the open air.(不定式作宾语)

他喜欢在露天睡觉。

We enjoy living in China.(动名词作宾语)

我们高兴住在中国。

5状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。(详见副词)

He did it carefully.(副词作状语)

他仔细、认真地做这项工作。

Without his help,we couldn't work it out.

(介词短语作状语)

如果没有他的帮助,我们不可能解决这个问题。

(In order) to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(不定式作目的状语)

为了赶上我的同学,我必须努力学习。

6 定语

定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。



他们生产纸花。

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